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法国著名现代作曲家莫里斯·奥阿纳及其吉他作品继德彪西、梅西安、里盖蒂之后,奥阿纳是对音乐语汇进行创新的又一代表性的现代作曲家之一。
莫里斯·奥阿纳(Maurice Ohana,1913—1992)西班牙裔法国作曲家,是 二十世纪下半叶法国乃至欧洲最具代表性的作曲家之一,他出生在法国一个具有西班牙血统的家庭,随父亲继承了英国公民的身份,并在1976 年加入法国籍。与当时一批西班牙音乐家、艺术家和作家一样,他们都向北移居到法国,运用他们传承下来的文化传统进行创作。
奥阿纳很小就显露音乐的天赋,l1 岁时就举行了钢琴音乐会,18 就公开演奏了贝多芬全部32 首钢琴奏鸣曲。青年时期,奥阿纳在摩洛哥、西班牙和巴斯克地区游历,所以很早就熟悉西班牙民歌。他从母亲那里学习了许多西班牙的小说和舞蹈,同时也学到了许多英雄史诗以及萨苏埃拉(zarzuela)。正是奥阿纳身处这样复杂而不寻常的文化渊源,使得他能够超越国家政治边界的意义而直接吸收各国的文化。因此,他的音乐带有显着的地域文化特色。奥阿纳带有异国以及折衷风格一直贯穿着他的创作。奥阿纳作为作曲家,特别是2O世纪6O 年代以后,随着他的音乐成熟时期的定型,他的音乐越来越有着至高无尚的地位。奥阿纳以其鲜明而富有个性化的创作语言,拥有了许多追随者。他的音乐深受德彪西的影响,吸收了包括西班牙民间音乐、爵士、非洲-古巴音乐,中国和日本的戏剧音乐要素,形成了不拘一格的创作风格。
尽管奥阿纳的音乐在当时并没有走上序列主义的道路,也没有加入同时代的达姆斯踏特,更被排除在“新乐天地”之外,但他的音乐却以其鲜明的地域文化特色及异国“折中主义的创作风格”,对法国音乐的发展产生了深远的影响。
1992年去世以后,他的作品一直不断地被大量公演、出版、录音和传播,并出现以“奥阿纳”为名的作曲大赛,以纪念他对二十世纪现代音乐所作出的突出贡献。
奥阿纳的作品几乎涉及了音乐的各种题材和领域,他的作品包括歌剧三部、音乐剧、合唱和大量其他形式的声乐作品、电影音乐、管弦乐、协奏曲、室内乐以及大量独奏作品(包括吉他、钢琴和羽管键琴等)。许多著名指挥家、表演家和演奏家都推崇他的作品,如小泽征尔、阿根蒂尼塔等。直到今天,他的音乐日益为人所知,其创作理论、美学思想和作品不断被整理、挖掘和研究。
莫里斯·奥阿纳的吉他作品
奥阿纳的作品目录及介绍见:http://www.mauriceohana.com/doc/Catalogue_Maurice_Ohana.pdf
在奥阿纳与西班牙吉他大师耶佩斯开始合作以后,他创作和改编了不少吉他作品,并主要都是为十弦吉他而作,包括一部吉他协奏曲《三图协奏曲》(Trois Graphiques,1950–58; 献给Narciso Yepes),两部分别长达30分钟和20分钟的组曲"Si le jour parait..."和"Cadran lunaire*"。此外,也有为六弦吉他创作的独奏曲TIENTO (no. 31) ,时长5分45秒,但后来也被改编为十弦吉他演奏。
(1)《恬多曲》 TIENTO (no. 31) 时长: 5’45
1955年由耶佩斯委约而创作,献给西班牙吉他家Ramon Cueto,1961年由耶佩斯在巴黎首演。
‘The tiento is a sort of invention in contrapuntal style. It would seem that the rhythmic structures of the tiento, like those of its derivative, the tanguillo, ensued from the “epitrite” rhythm (3 quavers followed by 2 crotchets) known by the ancient Greeks.’
(2)《如果这一天到来……》SI LE JOUR PARAÎT... (no. 55) 时长: 25’
1963-64年创作的十弦吉他组曲,献给西班牙吉他家Alberto Ponce,1974年由Alberto Ponce在La Rochelle艺术节全曲首演。 包括7首: I-Temple; II-Enueg; III-Maya-Marsya; IV-20 avril (Planh); V-Lachevelure de Bérénice; VI-Jeu des quatre vents; VII-Aube
‘These seven pieces were conceived in the spirit of Goya, i.e. in black and white.The work’s motive: the arrest and execution of a young Spanish communist*.This affair really had me beside myself with anger and indignation. I then decidedto write a work that would be like Goya’s Caprichos, something avenging mepersonally for this iniquity done to all men.’
‘The first piece I wrote, 20 avril (Planh), date of the execution and occupying thefourth position in the collection, is like a central sun, the sun of a constellation.’*The execution of Julián Grimau, on Franco’s orders, 20 April 1962.
(3)《日月转盘》CADRAN LUNAIRE (no. 89) 时长: 20’
1981-82年创作的十弦吉他组曲,献给西班牙吉他家 Luis Martin Diego。由四首组成:I-Saturnal; II-Jondo; III-Sylva; IV-Candil (the titles, indicated at the end of each piece, ‘can be omitted according to the performer’s wishes’: note as anepigraph on the score)
‘I spoke to Narciso Yepes about enlarging the guitar from six to ten strings. He was enthusiastic. Moreover, a historical precedent existed since, in the 16th and17th centuries the 10-string guitar had already appeared.’
‘I went to Madrid with Yepes. We met [the builder] Ramirez. We spoke to him about this 10-string guitar. He made it and I was immediately excited by it.’
‘The four new strings (B flat, A flat, G flat, low C) greatly enriched theharmonics and resonances, getting away from the perpetual circle of thetraditional six strings.’
‘We make clusters of chords of extraordinary beauty and richness. We thought upleather-covered slides that block all the strings at once and with which you can doa “rasgueado”, which gives impressive chromatic rises.’
(4)《匿名20世纪》ANONYME XX° SIèCLE (no. 100) 时长: 4’
1988年创作的六弦吉他二重奏,献给西班牙吉他二重奏Jean Horreaux 与Jean-Marie Théhard。
‘My dream is to be an anonymous author... Music must be anonymous... There is too much personalisation, even since the war... There are too many stars... Toomuch emphasis has been placed on the person, whereas I believe that when youget into the depth things, people who create disappear completely. There remainsthe work.’
‘If by chance my music were to survive, I would like it to blend, for a world ofdistant but imaginable listeners, into the anonymous forest of all types of musicfor all men, different types of music that perhaps have a single, nameless author,omnipresent and ageless.’
(5)《三幅图画》协奏曲 TROIS GRAPHIQUES (no. 39) 时长: 21’
1957年创作,献给耶佩斯。最早是按照六弦吉他创作,后来扩展为十弦吉他。包括三个乐章: I-Graphique de la Farruca – cadences; II-Graphique de la Siguiriya;III-Graphique de la Bulería and Tiento。1961年由耶佩斯和伦敦交响乐团在BBC三台首演。
‘This is hardly a concerto; rather, it is etching in music.’
‘This is a study on flamenco pieces reduced to the level of a working drawing.That is why it is calledGraphiques (graphs). I stripped these pieces of anythingthat might encumber them with Romanticism or fiorituras, keeping only therhythmic and melodic archetype.’
‘I wasn’t satisfied with this diatonic construction of the guitar, which is deadlydull. The Concerto suffers from it. You always fall back on E-A-D-G-B-E, andthere’s no way to get away from it. Or if you do, it becomes unplayable. So, withYepes, we got the idea of having a guitar built with four more strings. It’smagnificent because that gives you the whole, entire harmonic column withundetermined sound results...’
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